Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors

“The Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors (CCCO) was a United States nonprofit organization dedicated to helping people avoid or resist military conscription or seek discharge after voluntary enlistment. It was active in supporting conscientious objectors (‘CO’s’), war resisters and draft evaders during the Vietnam War. Founded in Philadelphia in 1948 and dissolved in 2011, CCCO emphasized the needs of secular and activist COs, while other organizations supporting COs principally focused on religious objectors and/or legislative reform and government relations. With support from the National Service Board for Conscientious Objectors, the American Friends Service Committee, the Brethren Service Commission, the Friends Committee on National Legislation, the War Resisters League and the Fellowship of Reconciliation, CCCO’s founders included such notable mid-20th Century American pacifists as David Dellinger, A.J. Muste, George Willoughby, Ray Newton, James E. Bristol, John Mott, Bayard Rustin, Caleb Foote, and Harrop Freeman. CCCO’s first policy achievement was to pressure the Army successfully in 1951 to stop assigning non-combatant COs to mine-laying duties. In 1952, CCCO released the first editions of its publications Handbook for Conscientious Objectors and Conscientious Objectors in the Armed Forces. The first edition of Guide to Conscientious Objection in the Armed Forces was released in 1962. In 1965, under pressure from CCCO and others, the U.S. Department of Defense first established criteria and procedures for granting an honorable discharge to service members who became COs after enlisting or being drafted.  … It published multiple editions of a Handbook for Conscientious Objectors, the looseleaf (and frequently updated) Draft Counselor’s Manual (first edition, 1968), and Advice for Conscientious Objectors in the Armed Forces (by Mike Wittels and CCCO Western Region (first ed., 1970), later updated and revised by other staff, including Robert A. Seeley), and distributed long-time Executive Secretary Arlo Tatum‘s authoritative Guide to the Draft. CCCO staff trained hundreds of volunteer ‘draft counselors’ throughout the United States to give informed and non-directive advice during the Vietnam era to as many as 10,000 young men exploring their choices in the face of the draft, including such well-known COs as Muhammad Ali and Arlo Guthrie. CCCO also offered counseling to military members opposed to current wars as well as civilians faced with decisions regarding legal requirements for Selective Service registration. …”
W – Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors
NY Times: OPINION | The Way of the Conscientious Objector
amazon: Handbook for Conscientious Objectors
1960s: Days of Rage – My Time as a Vietnam War-era Conscientious Objector

The boxer Muhammad Ali refused to serve in the United States military during the Vietnam War. He was found guilty of draft evasion in 1967, but his conviction was overturned by the Supreme Court in 1971.